WHAT IS A ROBOT ???

Now,We will be defining and understanding the exact meaning of robots and robotics. In general, it’s a good idea to define our terms at the beginning and be explicit as to what we are talking about. Unfortunately, there is no commonly, agreed definition of a robot.

"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks"

                                                                                                Robot Institute of America, 1979

This definition is rather dry and uninspiring for today’s definition of robots, which are capable of doing a lot more than a simple machine. Like all technology, robots can perform tasks which are idealization or extension of human capabilities. So the difficulty of defining robots stems from the fact that ideally we would like robots to be general purpose machines, capable of doing almost anything. This definition doesn’t put any limits to our imaginations and on what robots can achieve.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF Hexadecimal Numbers

ADDITION

START adding digits from right to left i.e. from LSB(Least significant digit) to MSB(Most significant digit)

•      If the result is less then 16 write the digit as it is
•      If the result is >=16 subtract 16 from it to get the digit and carry 1 to next digit    for e.g. Let's add C59A  and 68F1
  

SUBTRACTION

START subtracting digits from right to left i.e. from LSB(Least significant digit) to MSB(Most significant digit)

•      If the second digit is greater than first digit burrow 16 from preceding digit
•        for e.g. Let's add C59A  and 68F1  
  
  Try your self ADD DE67 and A63C then subtract........... Thank you.......                                              

Hexadecimal Number System

Hexadecimal system, i.e number system having 16 base is used as a convenient representation of binary numbers.This system contains only this 16 digits that are represented as follows :

Binary Number System

Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic

There are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, …,9

Computers use base 2 (binary) system

There are only 0 and 1
These two binary digits are commonly referred as bits

(25)10 indicates number 25 base 10 i.e number in decimal system.

(25)2   indicates number 25 base 2 i.e number in binary system.

Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number :

Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly

Keep track of the remainders

Continue this process until the quotient becomes zero

Write the remainders in reverse order to obtain the binary number
Ex. Convert (25)10 to binary
               Quotient      Remainder
      25/2 =     12                  1                  LSB (least significant bit)
      12/2 =      6                   0
        6/2 =      3                   0
        3/2 =      1                   1
        1/2 =      0                   1                  MSB (most significant bit)

so (25)10  = (11001)2