Cooler Gadgets using graphene film

To increase the efficient use of energy, decreasing the heating of electronic gadgets has been an area of research for last many years. Almost half of the energy of any gadgets like mobiles, tablets, computers, laptops etc. goes towards cooling of the device. Heating of the gadgets is a major problem faced by the industry while attempting to add more processing power to circuits and electronic equipments. 

Graphene has the ability to offer cooling effect to electronic systems that are based on silicon. Graphene, a single layer of carbon atom became the life changer in electronics industry. Researchers at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden developed a solution towards significant heat reduction of circuits. According to the article published in journal of Advanced Materials the solution is based on a grapheme film.

The team of researchers led by Johan Liu reported exceptional outcomes while using grapheme film on electronic circuits based on silicon. They had earlier shown that graphene can have a cooling effect on silicon-based electronics, but the challenge was to stick a thick layer of graphene to silicon chips. They got the solution by creating a strong covalent (silane) bond between the surface and the grapheme film in a silicon based electronic component. Further the researchers could achieve 1600W/mK thermal conductivity levels with grapheme coating.

Liu added that with increase in thermal capacity, grapheme could find application in a number of new areas and an example of this could be the integration of a graphene based film into microelectronic systems and devices like LEDs or Light Emitting Diodes of higher levels of efficiency, and cooling of components for radio frequency and lasers.

Graphene-based film could also pave the way for faster, smaller, more energy efficient, sustainable high power electronics. With amazing applications of graphene, the wearables industry is also looking forward to many new technological applications of the wonder material in the near future.

WHAT IS A ROBOT ???

Now,We will be defining and understanding the exact meaning of robots and robotics. In general, it’s a good idea to define our terms at the beginning and be explicit as to what we are talking about. Unfortunately, there is no commonly, agreed definition of a robot.

"A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks"

                                                                                                Robot Institute of America, 1979

This definition is rather dry and uninspiring for today’s definition of robots, which are capable of doing a lot more than a simple machine. Like all technology, robots can perform tasks which are idealization or extension of human capabilities. So the difficulty of defining robots stems from the fact that ideally we would like robots to be general purpose machines, capable of doing almost anything. This definition doesn’t put any limits to our imaginations and on what robots can achieve.

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF Hexadecimal Numbers

ADDITION

START adding digits from right to left i.e. from LSB(Least significant digit) to MSB(Most significant digit)

•      If the result is less then 16 write the digit as it is
•      If the result is >=16 subtract 16 from it to get the digit and carry 1 to next digit    for e.g. Let's add C59A  and 68F1
  

SUBTRACTION

START subtracting digits from right to left i.e. from LSB(Least significant digit) to MSB(Most significant digit)

•      If the second digit is greater than first digit burrow 16 from preceding digit
•        for e.g. Let's add C59A  and 68F1  
  
  Try your self ADD DE67 and A63C then subtract........... Thank you.......                                              

Hexadecimal Number System

Hexadecimal system, i.e number system having 16 base is used as a convenient representation of binary numbers.This system contains only this 16 digits that are represented as follows :

Binary Number System

Human beings use base 10 (decimal) arithmetic

There are 10 distinct symbols, 0, 1, 2, …,9

Computers use base 2 (binary) system

There are only 0 and 1
These two binary digits are commonly referred as bits

(25)10 indicates number 25 base 10 i.e number in decimal system.

(25)2   indicates number 25 base 2 i.e number in binary system.

Conversion of Decimal number into Binary number :

Divide the decimal number by 2 repeatedly

Keep track of the remainders

Continue this process until the quotient becomes zero

Write the remainders in reverse order to obtain the binary number
Ex. Convert (25)10 to binary
               Quotient      Remainder
      25/2 =     12                  1                  LSB (least significant bit)
      12/2 =      6                   0
        6/2 =      3                   0
        3/2 =      1                   1
        1/2 =      0                   1                  MSB (most significant bit)

so (25)10  = (11001)2

DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS BY 20 to 23

Divisibility rule for 20:

The no whose last two digits are divisible by 20 is divisible by 20.

5580 : 80 is divisible by 20

Divisibility rule for 21:

If the number is divisible by 3 and 7, then the number is divisible by 21

Divisibility rule for 22:

If the number is divisible by 2 and 11, then the number is divisible by 22

Divisibility rule for 23:

Multiply unit place by 7(Key no of 23) add it to rest of the digits.

For                                                1 5 1 5 7x 7

                                                            4 9

                                                -----------------------------

                                                        1 5 6 4 x 7

                                                           2 8

                                                ------------------------------

                                                       1 8 4 x 7

                                                       2 8

                                                --------------------------------

                                                       4 6:So 12468 is not divisible by 23

DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS BY 14 to 19

By 14:

If the number is divisible by 2 and 7, then the number is divisible by 14

By15:

If the number is divisible by 3 and 5, then the number is divisible by 15

By 16:

If the last four digits of the number is divisible by 16, then the number will be divisible by 16.
e.g.-  67891888 : Since 1888 is divisible by 16,So the number is divisible by 16.

By 17:

Multiply unit place by 12(Key no of 17) add it to rest of the digits.

for key number: 17 x 7=119 , key no. = 11+1=12

DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS BY 10 to 13

BY 10

The no having 0 in its unit place is divisible by 10.
6679 : 9 is unit digit place ,So 6679 is not divisible by 10.
4570 : 0 is unit digit place ,So 4570 is not divisible by 10.

BY 11

The no whose difference of sum of every other digit
is divisible by 11.
14568:(1+5+8)-(4+6)=4
So it is not divisible by 11.
1331:(1+3)-(1+3)=0
So it is not divisible by 11. 

BY 12

MAGIC OF 9

Reminder when divided by 9

Do you know ,the reminder when a number is divided by 9 is the sum of digits.
for e.g. the reminder when 9456(above example) is divided by 9 is 6
the reminder when 3858(above example) is divided by 9 is 6

No to be Added for divisibility by 9

Again, Do you know ,the number to be added so that the number will be divisible by 9
is (9 - sum of digits)
the number to be added so that 9456 will be divisible by 9 is 9-6=3
the number to be added so that 45874 will be divisible by 9 is
4+5+8+7+4 = 28 : 2+8 =10:1+0=1 So 9 – 1 = 8 will be added so that 45874 will be divisible by 9

DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS BY 7,8&9

BY 7

First let’s Know about the
KEY NUMBER

for 7 : 7 X 7 = 49     : So Key no is 4 + 1 = 5
for 13 : 13 X 3 = 39  : So Key no is 3 + 1 = 4
it is especially important for PRIME NUMBERS. NOW

Divisibility rule for 7:

Multiply unit place by 5 add it to rest of the digits.
for 12468 : 

8 x 5      :40+1246=1286 

6 x 5      :30+128=158

8 x 5      :40+15=55

55  :So 12468 is not divisible by 7

BY 8

The no whose last three digits are divisible by 8 is divisible by 8.

12565588 : 588 is not divisible by 8
So 12565588 is not divisible by 8.

BY 9

The no whose sum of digits are divisible by 9

e.g.- 9456 : 9+4+5+6=24 : 2+4=6
which is not divisible by 9 ,So 9456 is not divisible by 9

        3858 : 3+8+5+8=24 : 2+4=6
which is not divisible by 9 ,So 3858 is not divisible by 9

                              

DIVISIBILITY OF NUMBERS BY 2 to 6

DIVISIBILITY 

BY 2

The no having 2,4,6,8,0 in its unit place is divisible by 2.

BY 3

The no whose sum of digits are divisible by 3

e.g.- 

1456 : 1+4+5+6=16 : 1+6=7
which is not divisible by 3 ,So 1456 is not divisible by 3

3957 : 3+9+5+7=24 : 2+4=6
which is not divisible by 3 ,So 3957 is not divisible by 3

MULTIPLIATION TRICK-5

Multiplication of 3 related numbers

In this method we can multiply three related numbers i.e. numbers which are closer or nearer to a number which is multiple of 10, i.e 20,30,50,100,200 etc.

we will take that number as base for this multiplication .

 Example-1  :                                          

                                                                 11  + 1

                                                                 12  + 2

                                                                 13  + 3

                          ---------------------------------------------------------

                                     11+2+3 / (1X2)+(2X3)+(3X1) / 1X2X3   

                                   = 16/11/6   

                                   = 16+1/1/6     //here each part can contain only one digit as 
                                                       base 10 has only one zero in it. so 2nd digit
                                                     carried to next part and added with 16,16+1=17.

                                    = 1716   (ans)

INTRODUCTION to MICROCONTROLLER(AtMega32)

What is a Micro-controller?
Earlier, there was no Machine or component Which can function as a receive some input and transmit some output  by itself i.e. it will act like a human brain itself once it is initialized or instructed to do so.
First,We tried to make something that'll function the above way..

So,MICRO-CONTROLLER is a Electronic device,Which is considered to be the simplest Computer processor (Brain of the Computer). It  contains the following contents which make it highly Powerful  they are:

MULTIPLICATION TRICK - 4

uurdhva-tiryagbhyam

     By this method you can multiply any number having any number of digits easily.

Example 1:

  67

× 78 

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6x7 / (6x8)+(7x7) / 7x8 

    =    2 7 6

 + 4 9 5 

----------------

=     5 2 2 6 

=  5226

Here step-1 : 7x8 = multiplication of unit digits of the number

                    (6x8)+(7x7)= cross multiplication between the digits of two places and adding them.

                     6x7 = multiplication of last digits of the number

         step-2: writing the result of above step part wise i.e here three parts and carrying the 2nd digit to next  part as one part can contain only one digit.

         step-3: summing them up and writing the final answer .

               IS NOT IT SO SIMPLE !!!!!

MULTIPLICATION TRICK-3

In the last post we had discussed about NIKHILAM NABATAH CHARAMAM DASATAHA

 Now we will be discussing about ANURUPYENA , which is a corollary of  that.

Anurupyena(corollary):

If the numbers to be multiplied are far from these bases,then we can take the working base as 40,50,200,300 etc.

 

                                            49  -1

                                          ×44  -6

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                 {(49-06)or(44-01)}x5 / (-6)x(-1)  =   43x5  /  6

                                         = 2156

MULTIPLICATION TRICK-2

Nikhilam Navatah charamam Dasatah

    In this method 10,100,1000 … are taken as base and multiplication   of numbers nearer to these bases can be done easily.

 for example-

         96    -  04       //as the   number is less than 100 by 4                             

    ×   93    -  07      //as the   number is less than 100 by 7

---------------------------------                                         

  (96-07)or(93-04) / (-04)x(-07)        //step - 1: multiply -04 and -07

   = 89 / 28                                        //step-2 : write 96 - 07 or 93 - 04

   =  8928

Easy Multiplication

Ekadhikena Purvena

 By this rule we can calculate

a) square of a number ending with 5:

for e.g.

 

            〖65〗^2                         〖 195〗^2

              = 6x7/5x5                            = 19x20/5x5

              = 42/25                                =380/25

              =4225                                   =38025

(b)Multiply numbers having unit digits adding up to 10 & rest of digits same

FIRST PROGRAME

First of all,

Why Programming!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

because we need to tell a machine what to do....

Programing:

makes machine do anything we want..

languages:

Machine level: Tedious and error prone .
Natural languages: Ambiguous and hard for computer to Understand.

So,We have to create some mediators

That's where high level programing languages come.
like C,C++,Java,Python etc....

But Languages like embedded C are somewhat different..
 Especially meant for  some dedicated Machines mainly processors..

Don't worry.......We are going to introduce you to 
Basic Programing as well as embedded Systems.. a lot easily
 

Vedic Maths

Now lets go to "VEDIC MATHEMATICS"...
what our ancestors have done and what our vedas say to make calculations easier :)

The ancient system of Vedic Mathematics was rediscovered from the Indian Sanskrit texts known as the Vedas, between 1911 and 1918 by Sri Bharati Krishna Tirthaji (1884-1960).first published in 1965. It contains a list of mental calculation techniques claimed to be based on the Vedas. Its characterization as "Vedic" mathematics has been criticized by academics.

Basic to vedic mathematics:

VINIKULAM:- Vinikulam of some numbers are,

                   

This concept is used to make the digits of a number less than 5

 So that calculations will be easier.We will be using it frequently.

Introduction

we are going to make you acquainted  with new advent of technologies like robotics,automation,world wide new invention n release of products ......

Also the basics of robotics and automation.
which includes :
       1. basic electronics
       2. basic programming
       3. embedded systems
       4. tricky vedic mathematics
      and  many more.